Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Subgroup C, Series IX: Legislative, 1933-1971

Summary

Creator:
Russell, Richard B. (Richard Brevard), 1897-1971
Date:
1933-1971
Extent:
399 box(es) (198.25 linear feet)
Language:
English
Preferred citation:

Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia.

Background

Scope and content:

Subgroup C, Series IX. Legislative is primarily constituent mail, but includes legislative drafts, memoranda, hearing transcripts, and correspondence with congressional colleagues. Although official senate committee records remain with each committee and, when retired by the committee, they are transferred to the Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration, in Washington, D.C., as part of the permanent records of Congress, Senator Russell retained copies of some materials related to these committees.

Legislative subject matter pertains to legislation being considered by Congress. Once bills were passed into law, subjects relating to them or the agencies they affected were filed in the General Series. The researcher will find a significant overlap between the Legislative and the General series in related subject matter.

Floor speeches, legislative drafts, and related correspondence and material are also found in the Speech/Media series. Committee-related trips are filed under Trips in the Personal series. For 1930s legislative activities, researchers should also check the Early Office series, which was a carry over file series from Russell's gubernatorial office and existed until the reorganization of the filing system in Russell's senate office in 1943. Some specific legislative issues or committee-related subjects which created large volumes of correspondence and materials exist as separate series rather than being filed as an appropriate committee subseries file. Civil Rights and MacArthur Hearings are separate series.

Biographical / historical:

Richard Brevard Russell, Jr. held public office for fifty years as a state legislator, governor, and U.S. senator. The highlights of his legislative career included support of non-interventionist foreign policy, passage of the National School Lunch Program, securing funding for military installations and research facilities—including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—and his opposition to equal rights for African Americans, most evident in the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Russell was born in Winder, GA on November 2, 1897, to Judge Richard B. Russell, Sr. and Ina Dillard Russell, a teacher. He was the fourth of thirteen children and the first son. He earned a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Georgia in 1918. After a brief period practicing law, Russell ran for and won a seat in the Georgia House of Representatives in 1920. In 1927, he was elected Speaker of the House, a position he held until 1931. In 1930, Russell ran for governor against a crowded field of seasoned candidates, but he was victorious thanks to a grassroots campaign and his skill in door-to-door canvassing. He took the oath of office in June 1931 but only spent eighteen months as governor before the death of Senator William J. Harris presented him with the opportunity to run for the United States Senate.

Russell entered the U.S. Senate in 1933 and served until his death in 1971. He became one of the Senate's most influential members. During his tenure, he served sixteen years as chair of the Armed Services Committee and held a seat on the Appropriation Committee that spanned his tenure in the Senate. Additionally, Russell held positions on the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, the Committee on Immigration, the Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, and the Democratic Policy and Democratic Steering Committees.

Although he wielded considerable power through these committee appointments, Russell did not seek a position in the Senate leadership. Instead, he supported the ambitions of his protégé, Senator Lyndon Johnson from Texas for majority whip and later for majority leader. Russell ended his career as president pro tempore of the Senate—a post reserved for the member with the longest tenure in the Senate—making him third in the line of presidential succession.

Russell was known for his support of national defense, non-interventionist foreign policy, and his advocacy for agricultural interests (particularly those in Georgia). Russell opposed the United States entangling itself in international conflicts, especially in Vietnam and the Congo. In agricultural policy, the creation of the National School Lunch Program in 1946 was his most significant achievement for the nation's farmers. The program had the double effect of providing nutritious meals for schoolchildren while avoiding an economic crash by giving farmers a way to sell their surplus produce.

Russell's opposition to civil rights legislation overshadowed his many legislative achievements. He began contesting civil rights legislation as early as 1935 when he joined other southern senators to block anti-lynching bills. Over three decades, Russell developed a reputation as a defender of "white traditions" and white supremacy.

During the Senate's debate of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Russell led the Southern Bloc in a sixty-day filibuster in an attempt to prevent the bill's passage, vowing to "resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races." The filibuster came to an end only after a partnership of moderate Republicans and northern Democrats introduced a compromise bill that garnered the sixty-seven votes needed to invoke cloture and end the filibuster. The substitute civil rights bill passed on June 19 by a margin of 73-27.

Though Russell advised against attempts to resist the Civil Rights Act at the state level, he remained unapologetic in his criticism of it. In a speech given in the Senate on June 18, 1964, Russell sought to encourage the other members of the Southern Bloc, saying "…there will never come a time when it will be necessary for any one of us to apologize for his conduct or his courage."

Russell left behind a list of political and legislative achievements and a reputation for mastery of legislative strategy. Despite his other distinctions, racial animus and obstructionism would become the most remembered aspects of his legacy. As biographer Gilbert Fite noted, Russell might well have achieved more, were it not for his racial views.

Processing information:

Clippings have been copied onto bond paper for protection of content. Artifacts, photographs, books, and audiovisual materials have been separated for preservation purposes and inventoried.

Arrangement:

Subgroup C, Series IX. Legislative is organized into thirty-four subseries: A. Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee; B. Agriculture and Forestry Committee; C. Appropriations Committee; D. Armed Services Committee; E. Banking and Currency; F. Commerce; G. District of Columbia; H. Finance; I. Foreign Relations; J. Government Operations; K. Interior; L. Judiciary; M. Labor and Public Welfare; N. Miscellaneous Legislation; O. Post Office and Civil Service Committee; P. Public Works; Q. Railroad Legislation; R. Rules and Administration; S. Senate Business; T. Sponsored Legislation; U. Un-American Activities Committee (House); V. Veterans Legislation; W. Russell Bills; X. Private Bills; Y. Voting Record; AA. Democratic Caucus; BB. Democratic Policy Committee; CC. Democratic Steering Committee; DD. Select Committee on Standards and Conduct (Ethics Committee); EE. Select Committee to Study Censure Charges (Watkins Committee); FF. Special Committee to Investigate Crime (Kefauver Committee); HH. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy; II. Joint Committee on the Reorganization of Congress.

Access and use restrictions

Restrictions:

Case mail, cross-reference copies, and military academies are closed. Additional files are restricted throughout the collection, as noted in the container listing.

Terms of access:

Library acts as "fair use" reproduction agent.

Before material from collections at the Richard B. Russell Library may be quoted in print, or otherwise reproduced, in whole or in part, in any publication, permission must be obtained from (1) the owner of the physical property, and (2) the holder of the copyright. It is the particular responsibility of the researcher to obtain both sets of permissions. Persons wishing to quote from materials in the Russell Library collection should consult the Director. Reproduction of any item must contain a complete citation to the original.

Preferred citation:

Richard B. Russell, Jr. Collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, The University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia.